IP Accounting Precedence
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- By enabling IP accounting, users can see the number of bytes and packets switched through the Cisco IOS Software on a source and destination IP address basis. Only transit IP traffic is measured and only on an outbound basis; traffic generated by the software or terminating in the software is not included in the accounting statistics.
- Solved: Hello Guys - I am using a 3560E switch with IOS version 12-255se (Universalk9). Though i am seeing the command 'ip accounting' under IP interfaces, 'show ip accounting' doesnt show any entries. Also the command.
Cisco IOS Software. Cisco IOS® Software is the world's leading network infrastructure software, delivering a seamless integration of technology innovation, business-critical services, and hardware platform support. I wrote a perl script that would dump the MAC tables from all our switches and the ARP tables from all our routers into a web database. You could then query the web page for any IP address and get the switch and port. Even added a MAC address vendor decode to help ID the device. The SNMP MIB entry ipNetToMediaPhysAddress gives the MAC address from the ARP table, referenced by the IP. Is there a table available anywhere in some router MIB that would give the equivalent of 'MediaPhysAddressToipNet' (reverse) information so that an IP address in the ARP table.
The IP Accounting Precedence feature provides IP precedence-related traffic accounting information. The collection per interface consists of the total number of packets and bytes for each of the eight IP Precedence values, separately per direction (send and receive).
IP Accounting Precedence does not collect individual IP or MAC addresses, so it cannot be used to identify a specific user for usage-based billing, except in cases where the (sub)interface can serve as user identifier. There is no concept of a checkpoint database. Regarding QoS operations, it is important to distinguish between ingress and egress traffic on an interface:
- For incoming packets on the interface, the accounting statistics are gathered before input CAR/Distributed CAR (DCAR) is performed on the packet. Therefore, if CAR/DCAR changes the precedence on the packet, it is counted based on the old precedence setting with the show interface precedence command.
- For outgoing packets on the interface, the accounting statistics are gathered after output features such as DCAR, Distributed Weighted Random Early Detection (DWRED), and Distributed Weighted Fair Queuing (DWFQ) are performed on the packet.
IP Accounting Precedence Principles
The principles of IP Accounting Precedence can be summarized as follows:
- Both inbound and outbound traffic is collected for eight IP precedence classes.
- IP Accounting Precedence is supported on physical interfaces and subinterfaces.
- There is no concept of a checkpoint database.
- Individual IP or MAC addresses are not collected.
- Collection data is accessible via CLI and SNMP. However, all configuration changes need to be done via CLI, because the CISCO-IP-STAT-MIB has no read-write parameters.
- The MIB contains 32-bit and 64-bit SNMP counters.
- To retrieve the collection results via SNMP, you have to enable SNMP on the network element first. When configuring SNMP, distinguish between read-only access and read-write access. For more details about SNMP configuration, see Chapter 4.
Supported Devices and IOS Versions
The following list defines the devices and Cisco IOS Software releases that support IP Accounting Precedence:
- IP Accounting Precedence was introduced in IOS 11.1CC.
- It is supported on CEF, dCEF, and optimum switching.
- It supports Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) interfaces but does not support tunnel interfaces.
- It is supported on all routers, including the RSM and MSFC, except for the Cisco 12000.
CLI Operations
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Notable commands for configuring, verifying, and troubleshooting IP Accounting Precedence are as follows:
- router(config-if)# ip accounting precedence {input | output}, where:
- — input performs accounting based on IP precedence on received packets.
- — output performs accounting based on IP precedence on transmitted packets.
- router# show interface [type number] precedencedisplays information for all interfaces configured for IP Accounting Precedence. To display information for a single interface, enter the appropriate values for the type number arguments.
- router# clear counters [interface-type interface-number] clears interface counters. Because the IP Accounting Precedence entries are stored per interface, the clear counters command clears all IP Accounting Precedence entries. Note that this function is different from the IP Accounting MAC Address feature. The clear counters command does not delete the content of the cipPrecedenceTable MIB table. An analogy would be the clear counters command that clears the number of bytes and packets in the output of show interface while the SNMP counters in the ifTable are not cleared. Note also that the clear counters command is applicable globally for all interfaces or for a single interface.
SNMP Operations
IP Accounting Precedence can be configured only by using the CLI. Collection data can be read but not deleted via SNMP. It can be deleted using the CLI command clear counters. CISCO-IP-STAT-MIB supports 32-bit and 64-bit counters.
The IP Accounting Precedence part of the MIB consists of two tables with separate 32-bit counters and 64-bit counters:
- cipPrecedenceTable—The 32-bit counter table for IP Accounting Precedence contains four variables:
- — cipPrecedenceDirection is the object’s data source (incoming or outgoing traffic).
- — cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence is the IP precedence value this object is collected on, with a total of eight different precedence values (0 to 7).
- — cipPrecedenceSwitchedPkts is the number of packets per IP precedence value (cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence).
- — cipPrecedenceSwitchedBytes is the number of bytes per IP precedence value (cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence).
The indexes of the three tables are ifIndex, cipPrecedenceDirection, and cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence - cipPrecedenceXTable—The 64-bit counter extension table for IP Accounting Precedence contains two variables:
- — cipPrecedenceHCSwitchedPkts is the number of packets per IP precedence value (cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence). This object is the 64-bit version of cipPrecedenceSwitchedPkts.
- — cipPrecedenceHCSwitchedBytes is the number of bytes per IP precedence value (cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence). This object is the 64-bit version of cipPrecedenceSwitchedBytes.
The three table indexes are ifIndex, cipPrecedenceDirection, and cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence.
Examples (CLI and SNMP)
The following example provides a systematic introduction to configuring and monitoring IP Accounting Precedence and displays the results for both CLI and SNMP.
Initial Configuration
Initially, there are no IP Accounting Precedence entries.
In this configuration, both IP Accounting Precedence input and output are enabled:
Collection Monitoring
The entries populate:
The corresponding MIB table shows the identical entries.
The router is accessed with SNMP2c (SNMP version 2c), the read community string is public, and the SNMP tool net-snmp is used:
The table indexes are as follows:
- ifIndex In this case it is 1, which represents serial 0/0:
- cipPrecedenceDirection: input or output
- cipPrecedenceIpPrecedence: a value from 0 to 7
For example, the entry (Input, Precedence 6, 8 packets, 467 bytes) is represented in the SNMP table by
In a situation where the counters are small, polling cipPrecedenceXTable, which contains the high-capacity counter counter64, returns the same results as polling cipPrecedenceTable.
Finally, the IP Accounting Precedence counters can be cleared, either specifically for the interface or globally for all interfaces:
IP Accounting MAC Address is comparable to the IP Accounting (Layer 3) feature. However, MAC addresses are collected instead of IP addresses, and there is no concept of a checkpoint database. IP Accounting MAC Address calculates the total number of packets and bytes for IP traffic on LAN interfaces, based on the source and destination MAC addresses. It also records a time stamp for the last packet received or sent. This feature helps the operator determine how much traffic is exchanged with various peers at Layer 2 exchange points, such as an Internet peering point. IP Accounting MAC Address collects individual MAC addresses, so it can be used to identify a specific user for usage-based billing. It also helps security administrators identify a sender's MAC address in case of an attack with faked IP addresses.
The maximum number of MAC addresses that can be stored at the network element for each physical interface is 512 entries for input and an additional 512 MAC addresses for output traffic. After the maximum is reached, subsequent MAC addresses are ignored. To keep addresses from not being taken into account, you should constantly check the number of available entries in the network element's local database and clear entries if it's getting close to 512.
IP Accounting MAC Address Principles
The principles of IP Accounting MAC Address can be summarized as follows:
- Inbound and outbound traffic statistics are collected per MAC address.
- Only LAN interfaces and subinterfaces (Ethernet, FastEthernet, FDDI, and VLAN) are supported.
- A time stamp is recorded (or updated) when the last packet is sent or received.
- When IP Accounting MAC Address is enabled, header compression is turned off so that the MAC information can be extracted from the header. When IP Accounting MAC Address is turned off, header compression is enabled.
- There is no concept of a checkpoint database.
- The maximum number of entries per physical interface and per direction (incoming or outgoing) is 512.
- Collection data is accessible via CLI and SNMP. However, all configuration changes must be done via CLI, because the CISCO-IP-STAT-MIB has no read-write parameters. To retrieve the collection results via SNMP, you need to enable SNMP on the network element first. For more details about SNMP configuration, see Chapter 4.
- The MIB contains 32-bit and 64-bit SNMP counters.
Supported Devices and IOS Versions
The following devices and Cisco IOS Software releases support IP Accounting MAC Address:
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- IP Accounting MAC Address was introduced in IOS 11.1CC.
- It is supported on Ethernet, FastEthernet, FDDI, and VLAN interfaces. It works in conjunction with Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), distributed Cisco Express Forwarding (dCEF), flow, and optimum switching.
- It is supported on all routers, including the MSFC, but not the RSM.
- On the Cisco 12000 router, it is supported only by the 3-port Gigabit Ethernet line cards.
CLI Operations
Notable commands for configuring, verifying, and troubleshooting IP Accounting MAC Address are as follows:
- router(config-if)# ip accounting mac-address {input | output}, where:
- - input performs accounting based on the source MAC address on received packets.
- - output performs accounting based on the destination MAC address on transmitted packets.
- router# show interface [type number] mac-accountingdisplays information for all interfaces configured for MAC accounting. To display information for a single interface, use the appropriate information for the type number arguments.
- router# clear counters [interface-type interface-number]clears all the interface counters. Because the IP Accounting MAC Address entries are stored per interface, the clear counters command clears the number of bytes and packets for each IP Accounting MAC Address entry in the output of show interface [type number] mac-accounting. However, the clear counters command does not remove any IP Accounting MAC Address entries. In the output from show interface [type number] mac-accounting, clear counters keeps the value of the time stamp for the last packet sent or received for that entry. The clear counters command does not clear the MIB counters, because SNMP counters can never be cleared, and it does not remove any IP Accounting MAC Address entries in the MIB table. An analogy is the clear counters command that clears the number of bytes and packets in the output of show interface while the SNMP counters in the ifTable are not cleared. Note also that the clear counters command is applicable globally for all interfaces or for a single interface.
SNMP Operations
IP Accounting MAC Address uses the Cisco IP Statistics MIB to collect incoming and outgoing packets and bytes per MAC address. There is a maximum of 512 entries per physical interface per direction (ingress or egress). You have to use the CLI to enable and disable IP Accounting MAC Address. Entries can be read but not deleted via SNMP. They can be deleted using the CLI command clear counters instead. The CISCO-IP-STAT-MIB (Cisco IP Statistics MIB) was updated to support 32-bit and 64-bit counters. For high-speed interfaces, 64-bit counters are relevant, because on a 1-Gigabit interface, a 32-bit counter wraps after 34 seconds.
The IP Accounting MAC Address part of the MIB consists of two tables with separate 32-bit counters and 64-bit counters, plus an extra table for the number of free entries in the database:
- cipMacTable is the MAC table for 32-bit counters, where an entry is created for each unique MAC address that sends or receives IP packets. It contains four variables:
- - cipMacDirection is the object's data source.
- - cipMacAddress is the MAC address.
- - cipMacSwitchedPkts is the counter in packets with respect to cipMacAddress.
- - cipMacSwitchedBytes is the counter in bytes with respect to cipMacAddress.
The table indexes are ifIndex, cipMacDirection, and cipMacAddress. - cipMacXTable is the extended MAC table for 64-bit counters, which contains only two entries.
- - cipMacHCSwitchedPkts is the high-capacity counter in packets with respect to cipMacAddress. This object is the 64-bit version of cipMacSwitchedPkts.
- - cipMacHCSwitchedBytes is the high-capacity counter in bytes with respect to cipMacAddress. This object is the 64-bit version of cipMacSwitchedBytes.
The table indexes are ifIndex, cipMacDirection, and cipMacAddress. - cipMacFreeTable specifies the number of available entries in the database.
- cipMacFreeCount is the number of items in the MAC free space.
The table indexes are ifIndex and cipMacFreeDirection.
Examples (CLI and SNMP)
The following example provides a systematic introduction to configuring and monitoring IP Accounting MAC Address and displays the results for both CLI and SNMP.
Initial Configuration
Initially, there are no IP Accounting MAC Address entries.
In this configuration, both IP Accounting MAC Address input and output are enabled:
Collection Monitoring
The entries populate:
For clarity, only the first input and output entries are displayed. The corresponding MIB table shows the identical entries, only one of which is displayed:
The table indexes are as follows: Apple numbers 6 2 1.
- ifIndex is 9 in this case, which represents fastethernet 1/0:
- cipMacDirection is input or output.
- cipMacAddress, where 0.16.131.5.196.33 is the MAC address, such as 0010.8305.c421.
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This SNMP entry corresponds to the following entry in the show command:
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The information about the last time a packet was observed from/to the specific MAC address is not available in the MIB—only from the show command.
The SNMP request confirms that 504 entries are available:
In a situation where the counters are small, polling cipMacXTable, which contains the high-capacity counter counter64, would return the same results as polling cipMacTable.
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Finally, the IP MAC address counters can be cleared, either specifically for the interface or globally for all interfaces, but no entries are deleted:
In the preceding example, the counters for packets and bytes are reset to 0. All other entries, along with the content of the 'last' field, are preserved. The clear counters CLI command has no effect on the MIB's content.
Note
The clear counters command affects both the IP Accounting Precedence and IP Accounting MAC Address counters. This could be considered a limitation when enabled on the same interface.